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PEDIATRICS Vol. 111 No. 1 January 2003, pp. 146-152

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Predischarge Monitoring for Apnea of Prematurity

John A. F. Zupancic, MD, ScD*,{ddagger}, Douglas K. Richardson, MD, MBA*,{ddagger},§, Bernie J. O’Brien, PhD||, Eric C. Eichenwald, MD{ddagger},¶ and Milton C. Weinstein, PhD#

* Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
{ddagger} Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
§ Department of Maternal and Child Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
|| Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Department of Neonatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
# Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

--> Objective. It is standard practice to defer discharge of premature infants until they have achieved a set number of days without experiencing apnea. The duration of this period, however, is highly variable across institutions, and there is scant literature on its effectiveness or value-for-money. Our objective was to establish the economic impact of varying durations of predischarge observation for apnea of prematurity.

Methods. Using computer simulation, we compared the alternatives of hospital monitoring for 1 to 10 days, after apparent cessation of apnea, with no monitoring and with the next longest period of monitoring. The daily probability of apnea requiring stimulation after a given number of apnea-free days was obtained from chart review of 216 infants, beginning on the day they attained both full feeds and temperature stability in an open crib. Baseline rates of survival or impairment, utilities for calculation of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), outcomes for respiratory arrest at home, and long-run costs for neurodevelopmental impairment were derived from the literature. Hospital expenditures were obtained from itemized billing records for infants on each of the final 10 days of hospitalization and converted to costs using Medicare cost-to-charge ratios. Costs are reported in 2000 US dollars.

Results. For infants born at 24 to 26 weeks’ gestation, each additional day of monitoring cost from $41000 per QALY saved for the first day to >$130000 per additional QALY gained for the tenth day. Cost-effectiveness was poorer for infants who were born at gestational ages >30 weeks. Results were sensitive to the proportion of charted apneas requiring stimulation that would actually progress, without intervention, to respiratory arrest.

Conclusions. In this model, the cost-effectiveness of predischarge monitoring for apnea of prematurity declined significantly as the duration of monitoring was increased. Consideration should be given to alternative uses for resources in formulating neonatal discharge guidelines.

Key Words: economics • resource utilization • infant • newborn • decision analytic modeling • cost analysis • apnea of prematurity

Abbreviations: NICU, neonatal intensive care unit • QALY, quality-adjusted life year

Received for publication Dec 26, 2001; Accepted Jul 1, 2002.




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